From 0af69d90afc796049827ef1dd55905ca6523fda5 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: APEXCalculus
+ Let
- Let
+ We examine the three criteria for continuity. +
+ The limits step
to the next,
+ which occur at all integer values of
+ The function is defined for all values of
+ The limit
- We examine the three criteria for continuity. -
- The limits step
to the next,
- which occur at all integer values of
- The function is defined for all values of
- The limit
We conclude that
diff --git a/ptx/sec_limit_def.ptx b/ptx/sec_limit_def.ptx
index 3e71ee97b..78201c695 100644
--- a/ptx/sec_limit_def.ptx
+++ b/ptx/sec_limit_def.ptx
@@ -806,10 +806,10 @@
We can then set
Recall
diff --git a/ptx/sec_lhopitals_rule.ptx b/ptx/sec_lhopitals_rule.ptx
index fe63bf38b..bdc088b09 100644
--- a/ptx/sec_lhopitals_rule.ptx
+++ b/ptx/sec_lhopitals_rule.ptx
@@ -50,7 +50,7 @@
We define one-sided limits that approach infinity in a similar way.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ Let
+
+
+
The derivative of a function
+ Also, the second derivative notation could be written as
+ Where the corresponding limits exist.
With
diff --git a/ptx/sec_deriv_chainrule.ptx b/ptx/sec_deriv_chainrule.ptx
index 021980b46..c92427066 100644
--- a/ptx/sec_deriv_chainrule.ptx
+++ b/ptx/sec_deriv_chainrule.ptx
@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@
So it can't be correct to say that
When composing functions, we need to make sure that the new function is actually defined. @@ -166,7 +166,7 @@
The statement of
- Using the terminology of calculus,
- the rate of
- Likewise, every revolution of
- We can then extend the
+ Using the terminology of calculus,
+ the rate of
+ Likewise, every revolution of
+ We can then extend the
It is difficult to overstate the importance of the
- In calculus the expression
+ When implicitly deriving
Using
Is
+
- Graphs of functions
Is f the derivative of g?
- In the above calculations,
- we left off the units until the end of the problem.
- You should always be sure that you label your answer with the correct units.
+ In our calculations of the difference quotients, we did not label the
+ units until giving the final answer. Be sure to always label your answer
+ with the correct units.
For example, if
Some examples will help us understand these definitions.
+
Examples will help us understand this definition.
+
+ We state (without proof) that
- We state (without proof) that
The two functions are graphed in go vertical
diff --git a/ptx/sec_deriv_inverse_function.ptx b/ptx/sec_deriv_inverse_function.ptx
index ba1ef67d0..7b69e9a4f 100644
--- a/ptx/sec_deriv_inverse_function.ptx
+++ b/ptx/sec_deriv_inverse_function.ptx
@@ -65,7 +65,7 @@
whatever we know about
Slope of tangent line to
Adding
- The function
The relationship between the differential and the linearization given in @@ -408,15 +410,26 @@ studied in introductory Differential Equations courses.
-
- Another place differentials are used is in a PID controller,
+ Differentials are used within Proportional Integral Derivative
(PID) controllers which use both integral and differential calculus to accurately control a process.
+
+ For instance, consider the task of steering a self--driving car. If the vehicle drifts to the left, how much should the wheel be turned to the right to correct the path? Too little and the problem may not be corrected at all; too much and the car will overshoot its target and extreme corrective action will need to be taken. PID controllers consider the rate at which the drift and corrective measures take effect. +
++ Common, everyday applications of PID controllers are in automotive cruise-control and maintaining espresso machine temperature. +
+ +We use differentials once more to approximate the value of a function. Even though calculators are very accessible, diff --git a/ptx/sec_graph_concavity.ptx b/ptx/sec_graph_concavity.ptx index bbd7fd02f..9c5c1e4aa 100644 --- a/ptx/sec_graph_concavity.ptx +++ b/ptx/sec_graph_concavity.ptx @@ -56,6 +56,26 @@
+ We often state that
+ instead of the graph of
for simplicity.
+
+ Geometrically speaking,
+ a function is concave up if its graph lies below its secant line segments and above its tangent lines; see
+ A function is concave down if its graph lies above its secant line segments and below its tangent lines; see
Geometrically, the condition in
- We often state that
- instead of the graph of
for simplicity.
-
Consider a function
- As with
A mnemonic for remembering what concave up/down means is: @@ -464,14 +477,16 @@
If knowing where a graph is concave up/down is important, it makes sense that the places where the graph changes from one to the other is also important. @@ -495,7 +510,7 @@ shows a graph of a function with inflection points labeled.
-leveling off.-
+
+ The second derivative test can only be used on a function that is twice differentiable at
We have been learning how the first and second derivatives of a function relate information about the graph of that function.
We have found intervals of increasing and decreasing,
intervals where the graph is concave up and down,
diff --git a/ptx/sec_graph_extreme_values.ptx b/ptx/sec_graph_extreme_values.ptx
index e9ef5bc35..b3b20e80c 100644
--- a/ptx/sec_graph_extreme_values.ptx
+++ b/ptx/sec_graph_extreme_values.ptx
@@ -51,7 +51,7 @@
-
Note: The extreme values of a function are
values,
@@ -240,7 +240,7 @@
Approximate the extreme values of relative max
is a nearby.
+ The terms local minimum + and local maximum + are often used as synonyms for relative minimum + and relative maximum. +
+ +
+ As it makes intuitive sense that an absolute maximum is also a relative maximum,
+
- The terms local minimum - and local maximum - are often used as synonyms for relative minimum - and relative maximum. -
- -
- As it makes intuitive sense that an absolute maximum is also a relative maximum,
-
We briefly practice using these definitions.
@@ -374,7 +375,7 @@
At each of these points, evaluate
In this text we use critical number
and critical value
interchangeably. Other textbooks reserve the term critical value
@@ -542,9 +543,7 @@
as illustrated in
Find the extreme values of the function on the given interval. -
+
-
-
- We choose
- Choose
- We have a negative
- giving a positive number;
-
- We do a similar sign analysis as before,
- using
+
+ We choose
+ Choose
+ We have a negative
+ giving a positive number;
+
+ We do a similar sign analysis as before,
+ using
We have two positive factors and one negative factor;
Consider the case when
Now assume that
curvy,this can generate noticeable sharp edges on the graph unless a large number of points are used. - High quality computer algebra systems, + High quality computer algebra systems (CAS), such as
curvy.@@ -1009,7 +1009,7 @@ In
bendsof
The sequence of approximate values may not converge, @@ -317,7 +317,7 @@ and shows that Newton's Method can be robust enough that we do not have to make a very accurate initial approximation.
-Create equations relevant to the context of the problem, - using the information given. (One of these should describe the + using the information given. One of these should describe the quantity to be optimized. - We'll call this the fundamental equation.) + We'll call this the fundamental equation.
- Identify the values of all relevant quantities of the problem. + Identify the values of all relevant quantities of the problem and write a full sentence conclusion.
+ +
+
A rancher has
- The #10 can
is a standard sized can used by the restaurant
+ The #10 can
is a standard sized can used by the restaurant
industry that holds about
+
+ This section relies heavily on implicit differentiation,
+ so referring back to
We demonstrate the concepts of related rates through examples.
@@ -124,41 +134,57 @@
- Read the problem carefully and identify the quantities that are + Understand the problem. Clearly identify the quantity whose rate of change you need to determine. Make a sketch if helpful. +
- Draw a diagram
+ Identify other quantities relevant to the context of the problem and create an equation that relates them to the quantity identified in instantaneous values
will be used in
+ (continued
Implicitly differentiate both sides of the equation found in @@ -166,7 +192,7 @@
Substitute in the known values of rates and known instantaneous values of the variables. @@ -175,7 +201,7 @@
- Solve for the unknown rate.
+ Solve for the unknown rate identified in
+ in real life
+ the police officer would follow the other driver to determine their speed,
+ and not pull out pencil and paper.
+
+ The principles here are important, though. + Many automated vehicles make judgments about other moving objects based on + perceived distances, + radar-like measurements and the concepts of related rates. +
+
We have values for everything except
-
- The principles here are important, though.
- Many automated vehicles make judgments about other moving objects based on
- perceived distances,
- radar-like measurements and the concepts of related rates.
- in real life
- the police officer would follow the other driver to determine their speed,
- and not pull out pencil and paper.
-
@@ -980,7 +1008,7 @@
The officer is traveling due north at
@@ -1116,7 +1144,7 @@
- An F-22 aircraft is flying at
+ An F-22 aircraft is flying at
- How fast must the gun be able to turn to accurately track the
+ How fast (in radians per second) must the gun be able to turn to accurately track the
aircraft when the plane is:
From f2add7028f2d90afbf6f2c7cd83c8328c9198a72 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: APEXCalculus
- Let
-
+
-
We can then extend the
It is difficult to overstate the importance of the
Understand the problem. Clearly identify the quantity whose rate of change you need to determine. Make a sketch if helpful. - -
+
- Identify other quantities relevant to the context of the problem and create an equation that relates them to the quantity identified in instantaneous values
will be used in instantaneous values
will be
+ used in
(continued
Implicitly differentiate both sides of the equation found in
-
- Solve for the unknown rate identified in
+
-
The derivative of a function
From 95c5d77f1dd2b4b211535f9a65cc013a42011903 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Sean Fitzpatrick
There are several reasons why the expression
+
+
When implicitly deriving
-
If knowing where a graph is concave up/down is important,
it makes sense that the places where the graph changes from one to the other is also important.
From 7ea1ca34d5de3b01e0f38e330f023f4684da5622 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Sean Fitzpatrick
We define one-sided limits that approach infinity in a similar way.
-
-
diff --git a/ptx/sec_differentials.ptx b/ptx/sec_differentials.ptx
index a1c5fe02b..ea9cbc9b2 100644
--- a/ptx/sec_differentials.ptx
+++ b/ptx/sec_differentials.ptx
@@ -416,7 +416,7 @@
Differentials are used within Proportional Integral Derivative
(PID) controllers which use both integral and differential calculus to accurately control a process.
- For instance, consider the task of steering a self--driving car. If the vehicle drifts to the left, how much should the wheel be turned to the right to correct the path? Too little and the problem may not be corrected at all; too much and the car will overshoot its target and extreme corrective action will need to be taken. PID controllers consider the rate at which the drift and corrective measures take effect.
+ For instance, consider the task of steering a self
Common, everyday applications of PID controllers are in automotive cruise-control and maintaining espresso machine temperature.
diff --git a/ptx/sec_graph_sketch.ptx b/ptx/sec_graph_sketch.ptx
index a3b5d909f..35fb31006 100644
--- a/ptx/sec_graph_sketch.ptx
+++ b/ptx/sec_graph_sketch.ptx
@@ -1000,7 +1000,7 @@
(in fact, this is the method used for many graphs in this text).
However, in regions where the graph is very curvy,
this can generate noticeable sharp edges on the graph unless a large number of points are used.
- High quality computer algebra systems (CAS),
+ High quality computer algebra systems (curvy.
bendsof
Is
@@ -1139,11 +1137,11 @@
-