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+---
+kind:
+   - Solution
+products: 
+  - Alauda Application Services
+ProductsVersion:
+   - 3.x,4.x
+---
+
+# Create a PostgreSQL Instance Using Hostpath PV Without an External Provisioner
+
+## Introduction
+
+This guide explains how to configure an instance of Alauda support for PostgreSQL to store its data in a specific directory on your Kubernetes host machine. This is achieved by creating a manual `StorageClass` and a `PersistentVolume` (PV). This approach is useful when an external storage provisioner is not available.
+
+## Prerequisites
+
+1. **Postgres Operator**: Ensure the Alauda support for PostgreSQL Operator is installed in your cluster.
+2. **Host Directory**: Create the target directory on your worker node and set the correct permissions. The Alauda support for PostgreSQL (Spilo) image runs as `UID 101` and `GID 103`.
+
+```bash
+# Run these on your host machine
+sudo mkdir -p /mnt/data/postgres-1
+sudo chown -R 101:103 /mnt/data/postgres-1
+```
+
+## Procedure
+
+### 1. Create the Manual StorageClass
+
+To bypass dynamic provisioning, create a StorageClass with the "no-provisioner" provisioner. This indicates that storage volumes (PVs) will be provisioned manually.
+
+```yaml
+apiVersion: storage.k8s.io/v1
+kind: StorageClass
+metadata:
+  name: manual-hostpath
+provisioner: kubernetes.io/no-provisioner
+volumeBindingMode: WaitForFirstConsumer
+```
+
+### 2. Create the PersistentVolume (PV)
+
+A PersistentVolume (PV) represents the storage on the host directory. It must reference the `storageClassName` defined in the previous step.
+
+```yaml
+apiVersion: v1
+kind: PersistentVolume
+metadata:
+  name: postgres-pv-1
+spec:
+  capacity:
+    storage: 10Gi
+  volumeMode: Filesystem
+  accessModes:
+    - ReadWriteOnce
+  persistentVolumeReclaimPolicy: Retain
+  storageClassName: manual-hostpath
+  hostPath:
+    path: "/mnt/data/postgres-1" # Path on the host machine
+  nodeAffinity: # Optional but recommended: Pin to a specific node
+    required:
+      nodeSelectorTerms:
+      - matchExpressions:
+        - key: kubernetes.io/hostname
+          operator: In
+          values:
+          - your-node-name # Replace with your actual node name
+```
+
+### 3. Define the Postgres Instance
+
+In your `postgresql` manifest, set `volume.storageClass` to the manual StorageClass created earlier. For additional configuration options, refer to [Create Instance](https://docs.alauda.io/postgresql/4.1/functions/01_create_instance.html).
+
+```yaml
+apiVersion: acid.zalan.do/v1
+kind: postgresql
+metadata:
+  name: pg-single
+spec:
+  ipFamilyPrefer: ""
+  teamId: ACID
+  enableExporter: true
+  enablePgpool2: false
+  spiloPrivileged: false
+  spiloRunAsGroup: 103
+  spiloRunAsUser: 101
+  spiloAllowPrivilegeEscalation: false
+  enableReadinessProbe: true
+  # restrictedPsaEnabled: true # Open this for ACP 4.2
+  postgresql:
+    parameters:
+      log_directory: /var/log/pg_log
+    version: "16"
+  numberOfInstances: 1 # For hostPath, it is safest to start with 1
+  resources:
+    requests:
+      cpu: "1"
+      memory: 2Gi
+    limits:
+      cpu: "1"
+      memory: 2Gi
+  volume:
+    size: 10Gi
+    storageClass: manual-hostpath
+```
+
+## Important Considerations
+
+### High Availability (HA)
+
+If you set `numberOfInstances` to 2 or more, the operator will attempt to create multiple `PersistentVolumeClaims`. You must create a matching number of `PersistentVolumes` (e.g., `postgres-pv-1`, `postgres-pv-2`) pointing to **different** host directories.
+
+### Troubleshooting
+
+If the Pod stays in `Pending` state, check the events:
+
+```bash
+kubectl describe pod <postgres-pod-name>
+```
+
+Common issues include:
+- **StorageClass Mismatch**: The `storageClassName` in the PV must exactly match the one in the StorageClass and the Postgres manifest.
+- **Capacity**: The PV capacity must be equal to or greater than the requested `volume.size` in the Postgres manifest.
+- **Permissions**: If the Pod starts but crashes with a "Permission Denied" error in logs, verify the `chown -R 101:103` step on the host directory.
+- **Admission Webhook Denied**: If you see an error like `admission webhook "pvc-validator.cpaas.io" denied the request`, your Project is restricted to specific StorageClasses. You must enable `manual-hostpath` for your project in the platform console (typically under Project Settings > Storage or Attributes) or ask your administrator to grant permission.
+- **Scheduling Failed (Node Affinity)**: If the PV is `Available` but the Pod fails with `didn't find available persistent volumes to bind`, check the PV's `nodeAffinity`. You likely forgot to replace `your-node-name` with a real node hostname from `kubectl get nodes`.
+
+### Reusability
+
+When you delete the Postgres instance, the `PersistentVolume` will go into a `Released` state (because of the `Retain` policy). To reuse it for a new database, you must manually delete the PV and recreate it, or clear the `spec.claimRef` field in the PV metadata.