Upgrade everything on Bazel CI!

[meteorcloudy]

Things we should upgrade on CI:

• Machine type: c2-standard-30 -> c3d-standard-30
• Linux VM base image: ubuntu-2004-lts -> ubuntu-2404-lts
• Windows VM base image: windows-2019-core -> windows-2022-core
• Mac VM OS version: macOS Sonoma -> macOS Sequoia

New platform support:

• Linux arm64

New Linux distribution:

• Debian 12

[meteorcloudy]

For Linux VM upgrade, we need to be careful due to bazelbuild/bazel#24081