On-the-fly channel funding based on splicing and liquidity ads (#649)

* Remove `please_open_channel`

It is usually the wallet that decides that it needs a channel, but we
want the LSP to pay the commit fees to allow the wallet user to empty
its wallet over lightning. We previously used a `please_open_channel`
message that was sent by the wallet to the LSP, but it doesn't work
well with liquidity ads.

We remove that message and instead send `open_channel` from the wallet
but with a custom channel flag that tells the LSP that they should be
paying the commit fees. This only works if the LSP adds funds on their
side of the channel, so we couple that with liquidity ads to request
funds from the LSP.

We also add a `recommended_feerates` message from the LSP which lets
the wallet know the on-chain feerates that the LSP will accept for
on-chain funding operations, since those feerates are set in the
`open_channel` message that is now sent by the wallet.

* Add liquidity ads to the channel opening flow

We previously only used liquidity ads with splicing: we now support it
during the initial channel opening flow as well. This lets us add more
unit tests, including tests for the case where the node receiving the
`open_channel` message is responsible for paying the commitment fees.

We also update liquidity ads to use the latest version of the spec from
lightning/bolts#1153. This introduces more ways
of paying the liquidity fees, to support on-the-fly funding without
existing channel balance (not implemented in this commit).

Note that we need some backwards-compatibility with the previous
liquidity ads types in our state serialization code: when we're in the
middle of signing a splice transaction, we may have a legacy liquidity
lease in our splice status. We ignore it when finalizing the splice: the
only consequence is that we won't store an entry in our DB for that
lease, but the channel will otherwise work correctly.

* Replace `pay_to_open` with `will_add_htlc`

We replace the previous pay-to-open protocol with a new protocol that
only relies on liquidity ads for paying fees. We simply transmit HTLCs
that cannot be relayed on existing channels with a new message called
`will_add_htlc` that contains all the HTLC data.

The recipient can verify that the HTLC that would match this promise is
valid, and if it wishes to accept that payment, it can trigger a channel
open or a splice to purchase the required inbound liquidity. Once that
transaction completes, the sender will relay HTLCs matching the proposed
`will_add_htlc`, which completes the payment.

If the fees for the inbound liquidity purchase couldn't be paid from the
previous channel balance, they can be taken from the HTLCs relayed after
the funding transaction. When that happens, one side needs to trust that
the other will comply. Each side can independently configure the options
they're comfortable with, depending on whether they trust their peer or
not.

* Add `channelCreationFee` to liquidity ads

Creating a new channel has an additional cost compared to adding
liquidity to an existing channel: the channel will be closed in the
future, which will require paying on-chain fees. Node operators can
include a `channel-creation-fee-satoshis` in their liquidity ads to
cover some of that future cost.

* Clarify received amount before or after fees

We clarify some of our event types that previously had an `amount`
field to detail whether this amount includes fees or not.

This impacts:

- SwapInEvents.Accepted
- StoreIncomingPayment.ViaNewChannel
- StoreIncomingPayment.ViaSpliceIn
- Origin.OnChainWallet
- Origin.OffChainPayment

There was an inconsistency in the `ViaSpliceIn` event, where in some
cases we used the received amount, and in others the amount with fees.

* Remove `minInboundLiquidityTarget`

We previously forced wallets to purchase additional inbound liquidity
every time an on-chain transaction was created. We now allow wallets
to disable automatic liquidity purchases: the LSP will need to add
enough funds on their side to cover the commitment fees, which the
wallet won't be paying for. But we still make a dummy purchase of 1 sat
to ensure that the liquidity ads flow is used and the wallet refunds
the mining fees paid by the LSP.

* Read remote funding rates from their `init` message

Instead of using a hard-coded value from `WalletParams`, we read the
liquidity funding rates from our peer's `init` message.

Author: docker-lordvf6ik

src/commonMain/kotlin/fr/acinq/lightning/Features.kt

@@ -126,6 +126,13 @@ sealed class Feature {
         override val scopes: Set<FeatureScope> get() = setOf(FeatureScope.Init, FeatureScope.Node)
     }
 
+    @Serializable
+    object Quiescence : Feature() {
+        override val rfcName get() = "option_quiescence"
+        override val mandatory get() = 34
+        override val scopes: Set<FeatureScope> get() = setOf(FeatureScope.Init, FeatureScope.Node)
+    }
+
     @Serializable
     object ChannelType : Feature() {
         override val rfcName get() = "option_channel_type"
@@ -185,15 +192,15 @@ sealed class Feature {
         override val scopes: Set<FeatureScope> get() = setOf(FeatureScope.Init, FeatureScope.Node)
     }
 
-    /** This feature bit should be activated when a node accepts on-the-fly channel creation. */
+    /** DEPRECATED: this feature bit was used for the legacy pay-to-open protocol. */
     @Serializable
     object PayToOpenClient : Feature() {
         override val rfcName get() = "pay_to_open_client"
         override val mandatory get() = 136
         override val scopes: Set<FeatureScope> get() = setOf(FeatureScope.Init)
     }
 
-    /** This feature bit should be activated when a node supports opening channels on-the-fly when liquidity is missing to receive a payment. */
+    /** DEPRECATED: this feature bit was used for the legacy pay-to-open protocol. */
     @Serializable
     object PayToOpenProvider : Feature() {
         override val rfcName get() = "pay_to_open_provider"
@@ -250,9 +257,9 @@ sealed class Feature {
     }
 
     @Serializable
-    object Quiescence : Feature() {
-        override val rfcName get() = "option_quiescence"
-        override val mandatory get() = 34
+    object OnTheFlyFunding : Feature() {
+        override val rfcName get() = "on_the_fly_funding"
+        override val mandatory get() = 560
         override val scopes: Set<FeatureScope> get() = setOf(FeatureScope.Init, FeatureScope.Node)
     }
 
@@ -322,6 +329,7 @@ data class Features(val activated: Map<Feature, FeatureSupport>, val unknown: Se
             Feature.RouteBlinding,
             Feature.ShutdownAnySegwit,
             Feature.DualFunding,
+            Feature.Quiescence,
             Feature.ChannelType,
             Feature.PaymentMetadata,
             Feature.TrampolinePayment,
@@ -337,7 +345,7 @@ data class Features(val activated: Map<Feature, FeatureSupport>, val unknown: Se
             Feature.ChannelBackupClient,
             Feature.ChannelBackupProvider,
             Feature.ExperimentalSplice,
-            Feature.Quiescence
+            Feature.OnTheFlyFunding
         )
 
         operator fun invoke(bytes: ByteVector): Features = invoke(bytes.toByteArray())
@@ -369,7 +377,8 @@ data class Features(val activated: Map<Feature, FeatureSupport>, val unknown: Se
             Feature.BasicMultiPartPayment to listOf(Feature.PaymentSecret),
             Feature.AnchorOutputs to listOf(Feature.StaticRemoteKey),
             Feature.TrampolinePayment to listOf(Feature.PaymentSecret),
-            Feature.ExperimentalTrampolinePayment to listOf(Feature.PaymentSecret)
+            Feature.ExperimentalTrampolinePayment to listOf(Feature.PaymentSecret),
+            Feature.OnTheFlyFunding to listOf(Feature.ExperimentalSplice)
         )
 
         class FeatureException(message: String) : IllegalArgumentException(message)

src/commonMain/kotlin/fr/acinq/lightning/NodeEvents.kt

@@ -2,7 +2,10 @@ package fr.acinq.lightning
 
 import fr.acinq.bitcoin.ByteVector32
 import fr.acinq.bitcoin.PublicKey
+import fr.acinq.bitcoin.OutPoint
 import fr.acinq.bitcoin.Satoshi
+import fr.acinq.lightning.blockchain.electrum.WalletState
+import fr.acinq.lightning.channel.ChannelManagementFees
 import fr.acinq.lightning.channel.InteractiveTxParams
 import fr.acinq.lightning.channel.SharedFundingInput
 import fr.acinq.lightning.channel.states.ChannelStateWithCommitments
@@ -11,16 +14,18 @@ import fr.acinq.lightning.channel.states.WaitForFundingCreated
 import fr.acinq.lightning.db.IncomingPayment
 import fr.acinq.lightning.utils.sum
 import fr.acinq.lightning.wire.Init
-import fr.acinq.lightning.wire.PleaseOpenChannel
-import kotlinx.coroutines.CompletableDeferred
 
 sealed interface NodeEvents
 
 data class PeerConnected(val remoteNodeId: PublicKey, val theirInit: Init) : NodeEvents
 
 sealed interface SwapInEvents : NodeEvents {
-    data class Requested(val req: PleaseOpenChannel) : SwapInEvents
-    data class Accepted(val requestId: ByteVector32, val serviceFee: MilliSatoshi, val miningFee: Satoshi) : SwapInEvents
+    data class Requested(val walletInputs: List<WalletState.Utxo>) : SwapInEvents {
+        val totalAmount: Satoshi = walletInputs.map { it.amount }.sum()
+    }
+    data class Accepted(val inputs: Set<OutPoint>, val amountBeforeFees: Satoshi, val fees: ChannelManagementFees) : SwapInEvents {
+        val receivedAmount: Satoshi = amountBeforeFees - fees.total
+    }
 }
 
 sealed interface ChannelEvents : NodeEvents {
@@ -30,6 +35,7 @@ sealed interface ChannelEvents : NodeEvents {
 }
 
 sealed interface LiquidityEvents : NodeEvents {
+    /** Amount of liquidity purchased, before fees are paid. */
     val amount: MilliSatoshi
     val fee: MilliSatoshi
     val source: Source
@@ -42,11 +48,13 @@ sealed interface LiquidityEvents : NodeEvents {
                 data class OverAbsoluteFee(val maxAbsoluteFee: Satoshi) : TooExpensive()
                 data class OverRelativeFee(val maxRelativeFeeBasisPoints: Int) : TooExpensive()
             }
-            data object ChannelInitializing : Reason()
+            data object ChannelFundingInProgress : Reason()
+            data object NoMatchingFundingRate : Reason()
+            data class MissingOffChainAmountTooLow(val missingOffChainAmount: MilliSatoshi) : Reason()
+            data class TooManyParts(val parts: Int) : Reason()
         }
     }
-
-    data class ApprovalRequested(override val amount: MilliSatoshi, override val fee: MilliSatoshi, override val source: Source, val replyTo: CompletableDeferred<Boolean>) : LiquidityEvents
+    data class Accepted(override val amount: MilliSatoshi, override val fee: MilliSatoshi, override val source: Source) : LiquidityEvents
 }
 
 /** This is useful on iOS to ask the OS for time to finish some sensitive tasks. */
@@ -59,15 +67,14 @@ sealed interface SensitiveTaskEvents : NodeEvents {
     }
     data class TaskStarted(val id: TaskIdentifier) : SensitiveTaskEvents
     data class TaskEnded(val id: TaskIdentifier) : SensitiveTaskEvents
-
 }
 
 /** This will be emitted in a corner case where the user restores a wallet on an older version of the app, which is unable to read the channel data. */
 data object UpgradeRequired : NodeEvents
 
 sealed interface PaymentEvents : NodeEvents {
     data class PaymentReceived(val paymentHash: ByteVector32, val receivedWith: List<IncomingPayment.ReceivedWith>) : PaymentEvents {
-        val amount: MilliSatoshi = receivedWith.map { it.amount }.sum()
+        val amount: MilliSatoshi = receivedWith.map { it.amountReceived }.sum()
         val fees: MilliSatoshi = receivedWith.map { it.fees }.sum()
     }
 }

src/commonMain/kotlin/fr/acinq/lightning/NodeParams.kt

@@ -12,6 +12,7 @@ import fr.acinq.lightning.payment.LiquidityPolicy
 import fr.acinq.lightning.utils.msat
 import fr.acinq.lightning.utils.sat
 import fr.acinq.lightning.utils.toMilliSatoshi
+import fr.acinq.lightning.wire.LiquidityAds
 import fr.acinq.lightning.wire.OfferTypes
 import io.ktor.utils.io.charsets.*
 import io.ktor.utils.io.core.*
@@ -172,6 +173,8 @@ data class NodeParams(
         require(!features.hasFeature(Feature.ZeroConfChannels)) { "${Feature.ZeroConfChannels.rfcName} has been deprecated: use the zeroConfPeers whitelist instead" }
         require(!features.hasFeature(Feature.TrustedSwapInClient)) { "${Feature.TrustedSwapInClient.rfcName} has been deprecated" }
         require(!features.hasFeature(Feature.TrustedSwapInProvider)) { "${Feature.TrustedSwapInProvider.rfcName} has been deprecated" }
+        require(!features.hasFeature(Feature.PayToOpenClient)) { "${Feature.PayToOpenClient.rfcName} has been deprecated" }
+        require(!features.hasFeature(Feature.PayToOpenProvider)) { "${Feature.PayToOpenProvider.rfcName} has been deprecated" }
         Features.validateFeatureGraph(features)
     }
 
@@ -193,15 +196,15 @@ data class NodeParams(
             Feature.RouteBlinding to FeatureSupport.Optional,
             Feature.DualFunding to FeatureSupport.Mandatory,
             Feature.ShutdownAnySegwit to FeatureSupport.Mandatory,
+            Feature.Quiescence to FeatureSupport.Mandatory,
             Feature.ChannelType to FeatureSupport.Mandatory,
             Feature.PaymentMetadata to FeatureSupport.Optional,
             Feature.ExperimentalTrampolinePayment to FeatureSupport.Optional,
             Feature.ZeroReserveChannels to FeatureSupport.Optional,
             Feature.WakeUpNotificationClient to FeatureSupport.Optional,
-            Feature.PayToOpenClient to FeatureSupport.Optional,
             Feature.ChannelBackupClient to FeatureSupport.Optional,
             Feature.ExperimentalSplice to FeatureSupport.Optional,
-            Feature.Quiescence to FeatureSupport.Mandatory
+            Feature.OnTheFlyFunding to FeatureSupport.Optional,
         ),
         dustLimit = 546.sat,
         maxRemoteDustLimit = 600.sat,
@@ -229,7 +232,7 @@ data class NodeParams(
         maxPaymentAttempts = 5,
         zeroConfPeers = emptySet(),
         paymentRecipientExpiryParams = RecipientCltvExpiryParams(CltvExpiryDelta(75), CltvExpiryDelta(200)),
-        liquidityPolicy = MutableStateFlow<LiquidityPolicy>(LiquidityPolicy.Auto(maxAbsoluteFee = 2_000.sat, maxRelativeFeeBasisPoints = 3_000 /* 3000 = 30 % */, skipAbsoluteFeeCheck = false)),
+        liquidityPolicy = MutableStateFlow<LiquidityPolicy>(LiquidityPolicy.Auto(inboundLiquidityTarget = null, maxAbsoluteFee = 2_000.sat, maxRelativeFeeBasisPoints = 3_000 /* 3000 = 30 % */, skipAbsoluteFeeCheck = false)),
         minFinalCltvExpiryDelta = Bolt11Invoice.DEFAULT_MIN_FINAL_EXPIRY_DELTA,
         maxFinalCltvExpiryDelta = CltvExpiryDelta(360),
         bolt12invoiceExpiry = 60.seconds,

src/commonMain/kotlin/fr/acinq/lightning/blockchain/electrum/SwapInManager.kt

@@ -2,21 +2,18 @@ package fr.acinq.lightning.blockchain.electrum
 
 import fr.acinq.bitcoin.OutPoint
 import fr.acinq.bitcoin.Transaction
-import fr.acinq.bitcoin.TxId
-import fr.acinq.lightning.Lightning
 import fr.acinq.lightning.SwapInParams
 import fr.acinq.lightning.channel.FundingContributions.Companion.stripInputWitnesses
 import fr.acinq.lightning.channel.LocalFundingStatus
 import fr.acinq.lightning.channel.RbfStatus
-import fr.acinq.lightning.channel.SignedSharedTransaction
 import fr.acinq.lightning.channel.SpliceStatus
 import fr.acinq.lightning.channel.states.*
-import fr.acinq.lightning.io.RequestChannelOpen
+import fr.acinq.lightning.io.AddWalletInputsToChannel
 import fr.acinq.lightning.logging.MDCLogger
 import fr.acinq.lightning.utils.sat
 
 internal sealed class SwapInCommand {
-    data class TrySwapIn(val currentBlockHeight: Int, val wallet: WalletState, val swapInParams: SwapInParams, val trustedTxs: Set<TxId>) : SwapInCommand()
+    data class TrySwapIn(val currentBlockHeight: Int, val wallet: WalletState, val swapInParams: SwapInParams) : SwapInCommand()
     data class UnlockWalletInputs(val inputs: Set<OutPoint>) : SwapInCommand()
 }
 
@@ -33,20 +30,15 @@ internal sealed class SwapInCommand {
 class SwapInManager(private var reservedUtxos: Set<OutPoint>, private val logger: MDCLogger) {
     constructor(bootChannels: List<PersistedChannelState>, logger: MDCLogger) : this(reservedWalletInputs(bootChannels), logger)
 
-    internal fun process(cmd: SwapInCommand): RequestChannelOpen? = when (cmd) {
+    internal fun process(cmd: SwapInCommand): AddWalletInputsToChannel? = when (cmd) {
         is SwapInCommand.TrySwapIn -> {
             val availableWallet = cmd.wallet.withoutReservedUtxos(reservedUtxos).withConfirmations(cmd.currentBlockHeight, cmd.swapInParams)
             logger.info { "swap-in wallet balance: deeplyConfirmed=${availableWallet.deeplyConfirmed.balance}, weaklyConfirmed=${availableWallet.weaklyConfirmed.balance}, unconfirmed=${availableWallet.unconfirmed.balance}" }
-            val utxos = buildSet {
-                // some utxos may be used for swap-in even if they are not confirmed, for example when migrating from the legacy phoenix android app
-                addAll(availableWallet.unconfirmed.filter { cmd.trustedTxs.contains(it.outPoint.txid) })
-                addAll(availableWallet.weaklyConfirmed.filter { cmd.trustedTxs.contains(it.outPoint.txid) })
-                addAll(availableWallet.deeplyConfirmed.filter { Transaction.write(it.previousTx.stripInputWitnesses()).size < 65_000 })
-            }.toList()
+            val utxos = availableWallet.deeplyConfirmed.filter { Transaction.write(it.previousTx.stripInputWitnesses()).size < 65_000 }
             if (utxos.balance > 0.sat) {
                 logger.info { "swap-in wallet: requesting channel using ${utxos.size} utxos with balance=${utxos.balance}" }
                 reservedUtxos = reservedUtxos.union(utxos.map { it.outPoint })
-                RequestChannelOpen(Lightning.randomBytes32(), utxos)
+                AddWalletInputsToChannel(utxos)
             } else {
                 null
             }

src/commonMain/kotlin/fr/acinq/lightning/channel/ChannelAction.kt

@@ -1,14 +1,15 @@
 package fr.acinq.lightning.channel
 
 import fr.acinq.bitcoin.*
-import fr.acinq.lightning.ChannelEvents
 import fr.acinq.lightning.CltvExpiry
 import fr.acinq.lightning.MilliSatoshi
+import fr.acinq.lightning.NodeEvents
 import fr.acinq.lightning.blockchain.Watch
 import fr.acinq.lightning.channel.states.PersistedChannelState
 import fr.acinq.lightning.db.ChannelClosingType
 import fr.acinq.lightning.transactions.Transactions
 import fr.acinq.lightning.utils.UUID
+import fr.acinq.lightning.utils.toMilliSatoshi
 import fr.acinq.lightning.wire.*
 
 /** Channel Actions (outputs produced by the state machine). */
@@ -78,16 +79,16 @@ sealed class ChannelAction {
             abstract val origin: Origin?
             abstract val txId: TxId
             abstract val localInputs: Set<OutPoint>
-            data class ViaNewChannel(val amount: MilliSatoshi, val serviceFee: MilliSatoshi, val miningFee: Satoshi, override val localInputs: Set<OutPoint>, override val txId: TxId, override val origin: Origin?) : StoreIncomingPayment()
-            data class ViaSpliceIn(val amount: MilliSatoshi, val serviceFee: MilliSatoshi, val miningFee: Satoshi, override val localInputs: Set<OutPoint>, override val txId: TxId, override val origin: Origin.PayToOpenOrigin?) : StoreIncomingPayment()
+            data class ViaNewChannel(val amountReceived: MilliSatoshi, val serviceFee: MilliSatoshi, val miningFee: Satoshi, override val localInputs: Set<OutPoint>, override val txId: TxId, override val origin: Origin?) : StoreIncomingPayment()
+            data class ViaSpliceIn(val amountReceived: MilliSatoshi, val serviceFee: MilliSatoshi, val miningFee: Satoshi, override val localInputs: Set<OutPoint>, override val txId: TxId, override val origin: Origin?) : StoreIncomingPayment()
         }
         /** Payment sent through on-chain operations (channel close or splice-out) */
         sealed class StoreOutgoingPayment : Storage() {
             abstract val miningFees: Satoshi
             abstract val txId: TxId
             data class ViaSpliceOut(val amount: Satoshi, override val miningFees: Satoshi, val address: String, override val txId: TxId) : StoreOutgoingPayment()
             data class ViaSpliceCpfp(override val miningFees: Satoshi, override val txId: TxId) : StoreOutgoingPayment()
-            data class ViaInboundLiquidityRequest(override val txId: TxId, override val miningFees: Satoshi, val lease: LiquidityAds.Lease) : StoreOutgoingPayment()
+            data class ViaInboundLiquidityRequest(override val txId: TxId, override val miningFees: Satoshi, val purchase: LiquidityAds.Purchase) : StoreOutgoingPayment()
             data class ViaClose(val amount: Satoshi, override val miningFees: Satoshi, val address: String, override val txId: TxId, val isSentToDefaultAddress: Boolean, val closingType: ChannelClosingType) : StoreOutgoingPayment()
         }
         data class SetLocked(val txId: TxId) : Storage()
@@ -128,8 +129,8 @@ sealed class ChannelAction {
         }
     }
 
-    data class EmitEvent(val event: ChannelEvents) : ChannelAction()
+    data class EmitEvent(val event: NodeEvents) : ChannelAction()
 
-    object Disconnect : ChannelAction()
+    data object Disconnect : ChannelAction()
     // @formatter:on
 }

src/commonMain/kotlin/fr/acinq/lightning/channel/ChannelCommand.kt

@@ -32,10 +32,11 @@ sealed class ChannelCommand {
             val fundingTxFeerate: FeeratePerKw,
             val localParams: LocalParams,
             val remoteInit: InitMessage,
-            val channelFlags: Byte,
+            val channelFlags: ChannelFlags,
             val channelConfig: ChannelConfig,
             val channelType: ChannelType.SupportedChannelType,
-            val channelOrigin: Origin? = null
+            val requestRemoteFunding: LiquidityAds.RequestFunding?,
+            val channelOrigin: Origin?,
         ) : Init() {
             fun temporaryChannelId(keyManager: KeyManager): ByteVector32 = keyManager.channelKeys(localParams.fundingKeyPath).temporaryChannelId
         }
@@ -47,7 +48,8 @@ sealed class ChannelCommand {
             val walletInputs: List<WalletState.Utxo>,
             val localParams: LocalParams,
             val channelConfig: ChannelConfig,
-            val remoteInit: InitMessage
+            val remoteInit: InitMessage,
+            val fundingRates: LiquidityAds.WillFundRates?
         ) : Init()
 
         data class Restore(val state: PersistedChannelState) : Init()
@@ -85,7 +87,7 @@ sealed class ChannelCommand {
         data class UpdateFee(val feerate: FeeratePerKw, val commit: Boolean = false) : Commitment(), ForbiddenDuringSplice, ForbiddenDuringQuiescence
         data object CheckHtlcTimeout : Commitment()
         sealed class Splice : Commitment() {
-            data class Request(val replyTo: CompletableDeferred<Response>, val spliceIn: SpliceIn?, val spliceOut: SpliceOut?, val requestRemoteFunding: LiquidityAds.RequestRemoteFunding?, val feerate: FeeratePerKw, val origins: List<Origin.PayToOpenOrigin> = emptyList()) : Splice() {
+            data class Request(val replyTo: CompletableDeferred<Response>, val spliceIn: SpliceIn?, val spliceOut: SpliceOut?, val requestRemoteFunding: LiquidityAds.RequestFunding?, val feerate: FeeratePerKw, val origins: List<Origin>) : Splice() {
                 val pushAmount: MilliSatoshi = spliceIn?.pushAmount ?: 0.msat
                 val spliceOutputs: List<TxOut> = spliceOut?.let { listOf(TxOut(it.amount, it.scriptPubKey)) } ?: emptyList()
 
@@ -104,7 +106,7 @@ sealed class ChannelCommand {
                     val fundingTxId: TxId,
                     val capacity: Satoshi,
                     val balance: MilliSatoshi,
-                    val liquidityLease: LiquidityAds.Lease?,
+                    val liquidityPurchase: LiquidityAds.Purchase?,
                 ) : Response()
 
                 sealed class Failure : Response() {