diff --git a/confchange/confchange.go b/confchange/confchange.go
index a73d5609..d2f1300b 100644
--- a/confchange/confchange.go
+++ b/confchange/confchange.go
@@ -57,17 +57,17 @@ func (c Changer) EnterJoint(autoLeave bool, ccs ...pb.ConfChangeSingle) (tracker
 		err := errors.New("config is already joint")
 		return c.err(err)
 	}
-	if len(incoming(cfg.Voters)) == 0 {
+	if len(cfg.Voters.Incoming) == 0 {
 		// We allow adding nodes to an empty config for convenience (testing and
 		// bootstrap), but you can't enter a joint state.
 		err := errors.New("can't make a zero-voter config joint")
 		return c.err(err)
 	}
 	// Clear the outgoing config.
-	*outgoingPtr(&cfg.Voters) = quorum.MajorityConfig{}
+	cfg.Voters.Outgoing = quorum.MajorityConfig{}
 	// Copy incoming to outgoing.
-	for id := range incoming(cfg.Voters) {
-		outgoing(cfg.Voters)[id] = struct{}{}
+	for id := range cfg.Voters.Incoming {
+		cfg.Voters.Outgoing[id] = struct{}{}
 	}
 
 	if err := c.apply(&cfg, trk, ccs...); err != nil {
@@ -79,7 +79,7 @@ func (c Changer) EnterJoint(autoLeave bool, ccs ...pb.ConfChangeSingle) (tracker
 
 // LeaveJoint transitions out of a joint configuration. It is an error to call
 // this method if the configuration is not joint, i.e. if the outgoing majority
-// config Voters[1] is empty.
+// config Voters.Outgoing is empty.
 //
 // The outgoing majority config of the joint configuration will be removed,
 // that is, the incoming config is promoted as the sole decision maker. In the
@@ -106,22 +106,22 @@ func (c Changer) LeaveJoint() (tracker.Config, tracker.ProgressMap, error) {
 	}
 	cfg.LearnersNext = nil
 
-	for id := range outgoing(cfg.Voters) {
-		_, isVoter := incoming(cfg.Voters)[id]
+	for id := range cfg.Voters.Outgoing {
+		_, isVoter := cfg.Voters.Incoming[id]
 		_, isLearner := cfg.Learners[id]
 
 		if !isVoter && !isLearner {
 			delete(trk, id)
 		}
 	}
-	*outgoingPtr(&cfg.Voters) = nil
+	cfg.Voters.Outgoing = nil
 	cfg.AutoLeave = false
 
 	return checkAndReturn(cfg, trk)
 }
 
 // Simple carries out a series of configuration changes that (in aggregate)
-// mutates the incoming majority config Voters[0] by at most one. This method
+// mutates the incoming majority config Voters.Incoming by at most one. This method
 // will return an error if that is not the case, if the resulting quorum is
 // zero, or if the configuration is in a joint state (i.e. if there is an
 // outgoing configuration).
@@ -137,7 +137,7 @@ func (c Changer) Simple(ccs ...pb.ConfChangeSingle) (tracker.Config, tracker.Pro
 	if err := c.apply(&cfg, trk, ccs...); err != nil {
 		return c.err(err)
 	}
-	if n := symdiff(incoming(c.Tracker.Voters), incoming(cfg.Voters)); n > 1 {
+	if n := symdiff(c.Tracker.Voters.Incoming, cfg.Voters.Incoming); n > 1 {
 		return tracker.Config{}, nil, errors.New("more than one voter changed without entering joint config")
 	}
 
@@ -145,7 +145,7 @@ func (c Changer) Simple(ccs ...pb.ConfChangeSingle) (tracker.Config, tracker.Pro
 }
 
 // apply a change to the configuration. By convention, changes to voters are
-// always made to the incoming majority config Voters[0]. Voters[1] is either
+// always made to the incoming majority config Voters.Incoming. Voters.Outgoing is either
 // empty or preserves the outgoing majority configuration while in a joint state.
 func (c Changer) apply(cfg *tracker.Config, trk tracker.ProgressMap, ccs ...pb.ConfChangeSingle) error {
 	for _, cc := range ccs {
@@ -167,7 +167,7 @@ func (c Changer) apply(cfg *tracker.Config, trk tracker.ProgressMap, ccs ...pb.C
 			return fmt.Errorf("unexpected conf type %d", cc.Type)
 		}
 	}
-	if len(incoming(cfg.Voters)) == 0 {
+	if len(cfg.Voters.Incoming) == 0 {
 		return errors.New("removed all voters")
 	}
 	return nil
@@ -185,7 +185,7 @@ func (c Changer) makeVoter(cfg *tracker.Config, trk tracker.ProgressMap, id uint
 	pr.IsLearner = false
 	nilAwareDelete(&cfg.Learners, id)
 	nilAwareDelete(&cfg.LearnersNext, id)
-	incoming(cfg.Voters)[id] = struct{}{}
+	cfg.Voters.Incoming[id] = struct{}{}
 }
 
 // makeLearner makes the given ID a learner or stages it to be a learner once
@@ -219,7 +219,7 @@ func (c Changer) makeLearner(cfg *tracker.Config, trk tracker.ProgressMap, id ui
 	// be turned into a learner in LeaveJoint().
 	//
 	// Otherwise, add a regular learner right away.
-	if _, onRight := outgoing(cfg.Voters)[id]; onRight {
+	if _, onRight := cfg.Voters.Outgoing[id]; onRight {
 		nilAwareAdd(&cfg.LearnersNext, id)
 	} else {
 		pr.IsLearner = true
@@ -233,12 +233,12 @@ func (c Changer) remove(cfg *tracker.Config, trk tracker.ProgressMap, id uint64)
 		return
 	}
 
-	delete(incoming(cfg.Voters), id)
+	delete(cfg.Voters.Incoming, id)
 	nilAwareDelete(&cfg.Learners, id)
 	nilAwareDelete(&cfg.LearnersNext, id)
 
 	// If the peer is still a voter in the outgoing config, keep the Progress.
-	if _, onRight := outgoing(cfg.Voters)[id]; !onRight {
+	if _, onRight := cfg.Voters.Outgoing[id]; !onRight {
 		delete(trk, id)
 	}
 }
@@ -246,7 +246,7 @@ func (c Changer) remove(cfg *tracker.Config, trk tracker.ProgressMap, id uint64)
 // initProgress initializes a new progress for the given node or learner.
 func (c Changer) initProgress(cfg *tracker.Config, trk tracker.ProgressMap, id uint64, isLearner bool) {
 	if !isLearner {
-		incoming(cfg.Voters)[id] = struct{}{}
+		cfg.Voters.Incoming[id] = struct{}{}
 	} else {
 		nilAwareAdd(&cfg.Learners, id)
 	}
@@ -295,8 +295,8 @@ func checkInvariants(cfg tracker.Config, trk tracker.ProgressMap) error {
 	// Any staged learner was staged because it could not be directly added due
 	// to a conflicting voter in the outgoing config.
 	for id := range cfg.LearnersNext {
-		if _, ok := outgoing(cfg.Voters)[id]; !ok {
-			return fmt.Errorf("%d is in LearnersNext, but not Voters[1]", id)
+		if _, ok := cfg.Voters.Outgoing[id]; !ok {
+			return fmt.Errorf("%d is in LearnersNext, but not Voters.Outgoing", id)
 		}
 		if trk[id].IsLearner {
 			return fmt.Errorf("%d is in LearnersNext, but is already marked as learner", id)
@@ -304,11 +304,11 @@ func checkInvariants(cfg tracker.Config, trk tracker.ProgressMap) error {
 	}
 	// Conversely Learners and Voters doesn't intersect at all.
 	for id := range cfg.Learners {
-		if _, ok := outgoing(cfg.Voters)[id]; ok {
-			return fmt.Errorf("%d is in Learners and Voters[1]", id)
+		if _, ok := cfg.Voters.Outgoing[id]; ok {
+			return fmt.Errorf("%d is in Learners and Voters.Outgoing", id)
 		}
-		if _, ok := incoming(cfg.Voters)[id]; ok {
-			return fmt.Errorf("%d is in Learners and Voters[0]", id)
+		if _, ok := cfg.Voters.Incoming[id]; ok {
+			return fmt.Errorf("%d is in Learners and Voters.Incoming", id)
 		}
 		if !trk[id].IsLearner {
 			return fmt.Errorf("%d is in Learners, but is not marked as learner", id)
@@ -317,8 +317,8 @@ func checkInvariants(cfg tracker.Config, trk tracker.ProgressMap) error {
 
 	if !joint(cfg) {
 		// We enforce that empty maps are nil instead of zero.
-		if outgoing(cfg.Voters) != nil {
-			return fmt.Errorf("cfg.Voters[1] must be nil when not joint")
+		if cfg.Voters.Outgoing != nil {
+			return fmt.Errorf("cfg.Voters.Outgoing must be nil when not joint")
 		}
 		if cfg.LearnersNext != nil {
 			return fmt.Errorf("cfg.LearnersNext must be nil when not joint")
@@ -398,13 +398,9 @@ func symdiff(l, r map[uint64]struct{}) int {
 }
 
 func joint(cfg tracker.Config) bool {
-	return len(outgoing(cfg.Voters)) > 0
+	return len(cfg.Voters.Outgoing) > 0
 }
 
-func incoming(voters quorum.JointConfig) quorum.MajorityConfig      { return voters[0] }
-func outgoing(voters quorum.JointConfig) quorum.MajorityConfig      { return voters[1] }
-func outgoingPtr(voters *quorum.JointConfig) *quorum.MajorityConfig { return &voters[1] }
-
 // Describe prints the type and NodeID of the configuration changes as a
 // space-delimited string.
 func Describe(ccs ...pb.ConfChangeSingle) string {
diff --git a/quorum/datadriven_test.go b/quorum/datadriven_test.go
index a66e2633..ad6ff4ed 100644
--- a/quorum/datadriven_test.go
+++ b/quorum/datadriven_test.go
@@ -151,7 +151,8 @@ func TestDataDriven(t *testing.T) {
 				if d.Cmd == "vote" {
 					input = votes
 				}
-				if voters := JointConfig([2]MajorityConfig{c, cj}).IDs(); len(voters) != len(input) {
+
+				if voters := (JointConfig{c, cj}).IDs(); len(voters) != len(input) {
 					return fmt.Sprintf("error: mismatched input (explicit or _) for voters %v: %v",
 						voters, input)
 				}
@@ -173,11 +174,11 @@ func TestDataDriven(t *testing.T) {
 						fmt.Fprintf(&buf, "%s <-- via alternative computation\n", aIdx)
 					}
 					// Joining a majority with the empty majority should give same result.
-					if aIdx := JointConfig([2]MajorityConfig{c, {}}).CommittedIndex(l); aIdx != idx {
+					if aIdx := (JointConfig{c, nil}.CommittedIndex(l)); aIdx != idx {
 						fmt.Fprintf(&buf, "%s <-- via zero-joint quorum\n", aIdx)
 					}
 					// Joining a majority with itself should give same result.
-					if aIdx := JointConfig([2]MajorityConfig{c, c}).CommittedIndex(l); aIdx != idx {
+					if aIdx := (JointConfig{c, c}.CommittedIndex(l)); aIdx != idx {
 						fmt.Fprintf(&buf, "%s <-- via self-joint quorum\n", aIdx)
 					}
 					overlay := func(c MajorityConfig, l AckedIndexer, id uint64, idx Index) AckedIndexer {
@@ -209,11 +210,11 @@ func TestDataDriven(t *testing.T) {
 					}
 					fmt.Fprintf(&buf, "%s\n", idx)
 				} else {
-					cc := JointConfig([2]MajorityConfig{c, cj})
+					cc := JointConfig{c, cj}
 					fmt.Fprint(&buf, cc.Describe(l))
 					idx := cc.CommittedIndex(l)
 					// Interchanging the majorities shouldn't make a difference. If it does, print.
-					if aIdx := JointConfig([2]MajorityConfig{cj, c}).CommittedIndex(l); aIdx != idx {
+					if aIdx := (JointConfig{cj, c}).CommittedIndex(l); aIdx != idx {
 						fmt.Fprintf(&buf, "%s <-- via symmetry\n", aIdx)
 					}
 					fmt.Fprintf(&buf, "%s\n", idx)
@@ -231,9 +232,9 @@ func TestDataDriven(t *testing.T) {
 					fmt.Fprintf(&buf, "%v\n", r)
 				} else {
 					// Run a joint quorum test case.
-					r := JointConfig([2]MajorityConfig{c, cj}).VoteResult(l)
+					r := (JointConfig{c, cj}).VoteResult(l)
 					// Interchanging the majorities shouldn't make a difference. If it does, print.
-					if ar := JointConfig([2]MajorityConfig{cj, c}).VoteResult(l); ar != r {
+					if ar := (JointConfig{cj, c}).VoteResult(l); ar != r {
 						fmt.Fprintf(&buf, "%v <-- via symmetry\n", ar)
 					}
 					fmt.Fprintf(&buf, "%v\n", r)
diff --git a/quorum/joint.go b/quorum/joint.go
index e3741e0b..887e246d 100644
--- a/quorum/joint.go
+++ b/quorum/joint.go
@@ -16,24 +16,31 @@ package quorum
 
 // JointConfig is a configuration of two groups of (possibly overlapping)
 // majority configurations. Decisions require the support of both majorities.
-type JointConfig [2]MajorityConfig
+type JointConfig struct {
+	Incoming MajorityConfig
+	Outgoing MajorityConfig
+}
 
 func (c JointConfig) String() string {
-	if len(c[1]) > 0 {
-		return c[0].String() + "&&" + c[1].String()
+	if len(c.Outgoing) > 0 {
+		return c.Incoming.String() + "&&" + c.Outgoing.String()
 	}
-	return c[0].String()
+	return c.Incoming.String()
 }
 
 // IDs returns a newly initialized map representing the set of voters present
 // in the joint configuration.
 func (c JointConfig) IDs() map[uint64]struct{} {
 	m := map[uint64]struct{}{}
-	for _, cc := range c {
-		for id := range cc {
-			m[id] = struct{}{}
-		}
+
+	for id := range c.Incoming {
+		m[id] = struct{}{}
 	}
+
+	for id := range c.Outgoing {
+		m[id] = struct{}{}
+	}
+
 	return m
 }
 
@@ -47,8 +54,8 @@ func (c JointConfig) Describe(l AckedIndexer) string {
 // quorum. An index is jointly committed if it is committed in both constituent
 // majorities.
 func (c JointConfig) CommittedIndex(l AckedIndexer) Index {
-	idx0 := c[0].CommittedIndex(l)
-	idx1 := c[1].CommittedIndex(l)
+	idx0 := c.Incoming.CommittedIndex(l)
+	idx1 := c.Outgoing.CommittedIndex(l)
 	if idx0 < idx1 {
 		return idx0
 	}
@@ -59,8 +66,8 @@ func (c JointConfig) CommittedIndex(l AckedIndexer) Index {
 // a result indicating whether the vote is pending, lost, or won. A joint quorum
 // requires both majority quorums to vote in favor.
 func (c JointConfig) VoteResult(votes map[uint64]bool) VoteResult {
-	r1 := c[0].VoteResult(votes)
-	r2 := c[1].VoteResult(votes)
+	r1 := c.Incoming.VoteResult(votes)
+	r2 := c.Outgoing.VoteResult(votes)
 
 	if r1 == r2 {
 		// If they agree, return the agreed state.
diff --git a/raft.go b/raft.go
index 94c2363d..abc6c98b 100644
--- a/raft.go
+++ b/raft.go
@@ -1316,7 +1316,7 @@ func stepLeader(r *raft, m pb.Message) error {
 			}
 			if cc != nil {
 				alreadyPending := r.pendingConfIndex > r.raftLog.applied
-				alreadyJoint := len(r.trk.Config.Voters[1]) > 0
+				alreadyJoint := len(r.trk.Config.Voters.Outgoing) > 0
 				wantsLeaveJoint := len(cc.AsV2().Changes) == 0
 
 				var failedCheck string
diff --git a/raft_test.go b/raft_test.go
index 85bbcce7..25e6e047 100644
--- a/raft_test.go
+++ b/raft_test.go
@@ -3975,7 +3975,7 @@ func newNetworkWithConfig(configFunc func(*Config), peers ...stateMachine) *netw
 					pr.IsLearner = true
 					v.trk.Learners[peerAddrs[i]] = struct{}{}
 				} else {
-					v.trk.Voters[0][peerAddrs[i]] = struct{}{}
+					v.trk.Voters.Incoming[peerAddrs[i]] = struct{}{}
 				}
 				v.trk.Progress[peerAddrs[i]] = pr
 			}
diff --git a/state_trace.go b/state_trace.go
index 8712dc6a..258a52a2 100644
--- a/state_trace.go
+++ b/state_trace.go
@@ -173,7 +173,7 @@ func traceEvent(evt stateMachineEventType, r *raft, m *raftpb.Message, prop map[
 		NodeID:     strconv.FormatUint(r.id, 10),
 		State:      makeTracingState(r),
 		LogSize:    r.raftLog.lastIndex(),
-		Conf:       [2][]string{formatConf(r.trk.Voters[0].Slice()), formatConf(r.trk.Voters[1].Slice())},
+		Conf:       [2][]string{formatConf(r.trk.Voters.Incoming.Slice()), formatConf(r.trk.Voters.Outgoing.Slice())},
 		Role:       r.state.String(),
 		Message:    makeTracingMessage(m),
 		Properties: prop,
@@ -276,7 +276,7 @@ func traceConfChangeEvent(cfg tracker.Config, r *raft) {
 
 	cc := &TracingConfChange{
 		Changes: []SingleConfChange{},
-		NewConf: formatConf(cfg.Voters[0].Slice()),
+		NewConf: formatConf(cfg.Voters.Incoming.Slice()),
 	}
 
 	p := map[string]any{}
diff --git a/tracker/tracker.go b/tracker/tracker.go
index 17c4c93f..44ca49d6 100644
--- a/tracker/tracker.go
+++ b/tracker/tracker.go
@@ -105,7 +105,7 @@ func (c *Config) Clone() Config {
 		return mm
 	}
 	return Config{
-		Voters:       quorum.JointConfig{clone(c.Voters[0]), clone(c.Voters[1])},
+		Voters:       quorum.JointConfig{clone(c.Voters.Incoming), clone(c.Voters.Outgoing)},
 		Learners:     clone(c.Learners),
 		LearnersNext: clone(c.LearnersNext),
 	}
@@ -147,8 +147,8 @@ func MakeProgressTracker(maxInflight int, maxBytes uint64) ProgressTracker {
 // ConfState returns a ConfState representing the active configuration.
 func (p *ProgressTracker) ConfState() pb.ConfState {
 	return pb.ConfState{
-		Voters:         p.Voters[0].Slice(),
-		VotersOutgoing: p.Voters[1].Slice(),
+		Voters:         p.Voters.Incoming.Slice(),
+		VotersOutgoing: p.Voters.Outgoing.Slice(),
 		Learners:       quorum.MajorityConfig(p.Learners).Slice(),
 		LearnersNext:   quorum.MajorityConfig(p.LearnersNext).Slice(),
 		AutoLeave:      p.AutoLeave,
@@ -158,7 +158,7 @@ func (p *ProgressTracker) ConfState() pb.ConfState {
 // IsSingleton returns true if (and only if) there is only one voting member
 // (i.e. the leader) in the current configuration.
 func (p *ProgressTracker) IsSingleton() bool {
-	return len(p.Voters[0]) == 1 && len(p.Voters[1]) == 0
+	return len(p.Voters.Incoming) == 1 && len(p.Voters.Outgoing) == 0
 }
 
 type matchAckIndexer map[uint64]*Progress