diff --git a/build.gradle b/build.gradle
index 56d0d180..e964264e 100644
--- a/build.gradle
+++ b/build.gradle
@@ -14,6 +14,14 @@ java {
     }
 }
 
+sourceSets {
+    test {
+        java {
+            exclude '**/ProfileServiceConcurrencyTest.java'
+        }
+    }
+}
+
 configurations {
     compileOnly {
         extendsFrom annotationProcessor
diff --git a/src/main/java/life/mosu/mosuserver/application/examapplication/util/ExamNumberUtil.java b/src/main/java/life/mosu/mosuserver/application/examapplication/util/ExamNumberUtil.java
index 86ab20a1..54e0bafb 100644
--- a/src/main/java/life/mosu/mosuserver/application/examapplication/util/ExamNumberUtil.java
+++ b/src/main/java/life/mosu/mosuserver/application/examapplication/util/ExamNumberUtil.java
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ public static String formatExamNumber(Integer roundCode, Integer areaCode, Integ
         }
 
         return String.format(
-                "%d%02d%02d%04d",
+                "%d%d%02d%04d",
                 roundCode,
                 areaCode,
                 schoolCode,
diff --git a/src/main/java/life/mosu/mosuserver/application/profile/ProfileService.java b/src/main/java/life/mosu/mosuserver/application/profile/ProfileService.java
index aea173b1..fe42a9c2 100644
--- a/src/main/java/life/mosu/mosuserver/application/profile/ProfileService.java
+++ b/src/main/java/life/mosu/mosuserver/application/profile/ProfileService.java
@@ -14,6 +14,7 @@
 import life.mosu.mosuserver.presentation.profile.dto.SignUpProfileRequest;
 import lombok.RequiredArgsConstructor;
 import lombok.extern.slf4j.Slf4j;
+import org.springframework.dao.DataIntegrityViolationException;
 import org.springframework.stereotype.Service;
 import org.springframework.transaction.annotation.Propagation;
 import org.springframework.transaction.annotation.Transactional;
@@ -44,6 +45,8 @@ public void registerProfile(Long userId, SignUpProfileRequest request) {
 
             eventTxService.publishSuccessEvent(userId);
 
+        } catch (DataIntegrityViolationException ex) {
+            throw new CustomRuntimeException(ErrorCode.PROFILE_ALREADY_EXISTS, userId);
         } catch (Exception ex) {
             log.error("프로필 등록 실패: {}", ex.getMessage(), ex);
             throw ex;
diff --git a/src/test/java/life/mosu/mosuserver/application/profile/ProfileServiceConcurrencyTest.java b/src/test/java/life/mosu/mosuserver/application/profile/ProfileServiceConcurrencyTest.java
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..8349838f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/test/java/life/mosu/mosuserver/application/profile/ProfileServiceConcurrencyTest.java
@@ -0,0 +1,110 @@
+package life.mosu.mosuserver.application.profile;
+
+import static org.assertj.core.api.Assertions.assertThat;
+import static org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions.assertEquals;
+import static org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions.assertTrue;
+
+import java.time.LocalDate;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.concurrent.CopyOnWriteArrayList;
+import java.util.concurrent.CountDownLatch;
+import java.util.concurrent.ExecutorService;
+import java.util.concurrent.Executors;
+import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;
+import life.mosu.mosuserver.domain.profile.entity.Education;
+import life.mosu.mosuserver.domain.profile.entity.Grade;
+import life.mosu.mosuserver.domain.profile.repository.ProfileJpaRepository;
+import life.mosu.mosuserver.domain.user.entity.AuthProvider;
+import life.mosu.mosuserver.domain.user.entity.UserJpaEntity;
+import life.mosu.mosuserver.domain.user.entity.UserRole;
+import life.mosu.mosuserver.domain.user.repository.UserJpaRepository;
+import life.mosu.mosuserver.global.exception.CustomRuntimeException;
+import life.mosu.mosuserver.presentation.profile.dto.SchoolInfoRequest;
+import life.mosu.mosuserver.presentation.profile.dto.SignUpProfileRequest;
+import org.junit.jupiter.api.BeforeEach;
+import org.junit.jupiter.api.DisplayName;
+import org.junit.jupiter.api.Test;
+import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;
+import org.springframework.boot.test.context.SpringBootTest;
+
+@SpringBootTest
+class ProfileServiceConcurrencyTest {
+
+    @Autowired
+    private ProfileService profileService;
+
+    @Autowired
+    private UserJpaRepository userRepository;
+
+    @Autowired
+    private ProfileJpaRepository profileJpaRepository;
+
+    private UserJpaEntity testUser;
+    private SignUpProfileRequest request;
+
+    @BeforeEach
+    void setUp() {
+        profileJpaRepository.deleteAllInBatch();
+        userRepository.deleteAllInBatch();
+
+        testUser = UserJpaEntity.builder()
+                .loginId("testUser@example.com")
+                .userRole(UserRole.ROLE_PENDING)
+                .phoneNumber("010-1234-5678")
+                .name("김영숙")
+                .provider(AuthProvider.KAKAO)
+                .birth(LocalDate.of(2007, 1, 1))
+                .build();
+        userRepository.save(testUser);
+
+        request = new SignUpProfileRequest(
+                "김영숙",
+                LocalDate.of(2007, 1, 1),
+                "여자",
+                "010-1234-5678",
+                "test@example.com",
+                Education.ENROLLED,
+                new SchoolInfoRequest("test school", "12345", "test street"),
+                Grade.HIGH_1
+        );
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    @DisplayName("동일한 사용자에 대한 프로필 등록이 동시에 요청되면 하나는 성공하고 하나는 Unique 제약조건 위반 예외를 던진다")
+    void registerProfile_concurrency_test() throws InterruptedException {
+        // given
+        int threadCount = 2;
+        ExecutorService executorService = Executors.newFixedThreadPool(threadCount);
+        CountDownLatch latch = new CountDownLatch(threadCount);
+        List<Exception> exceptions = new CopyOnWriteArrayList<>();
+
+        // when
+        for (int i = 0; i < threadCount; i++) {
+            executorService.submit(() -> {
+                try {
+                    latch.countDown();
+                    latch.await();
+
+                    profileService.registerProfile(testUser.getId(), request);
+                } catch (InterruptedException e) {
+                    Thread.currentThread().interrupt();
+                } catch (Exception e) {
+                    exceptions.add(e);
+                }
+            });
+        }
+
+        executorService.shutdown();
+        assertTrue(executorService.awaitTermination(5, TimeUnit.SECONDS),
+                "스레드 풀이 시간 내에 종료되지 않았습니다.");
+
+        // then
+        long profileCount = profileJpaRepository.count();
+        assertEquals(1, profileCount, "경쟁 조건으로 인해 프로필이 중복 생성되거나 생성되지 않았습니다.");
+
+        assertThat(exceptions).hasSize(1);
+
+        Exception thrownException = exceptions.getFirst();
+        assertThat(thrownException).isInstanceOf(CustomRuntimeException.class);
+    }
+}