Support building/linting TypeScript files.

[tofumatt]

Summary

Adds basic support for building TypeScript files.

Addresses issue #11714.

Relevant technical choices

To-be-added.

PR Author Checklist

• My code is tested and passes existing unit tests.
• My code has an appropriate set of unit tests which all pass.
• My code is backward-compatible with WordPress 5.2 and PHP 7.4.
• My code follows the WordPress coding standards.
• My code has proper inline documentation.
• I have added a QA Brief on the issue linked above.
• I have signed the Contributor License Agreement (see https://cla.developers.google.com/).

---

Do not alter or remove anything below. The following sections will be managed by moderators only.

Code Reviewer Checklist

• Run the code.
• Ensure the acceptance criteria are satisfied.
• Reassess the implementation with the IB.
• Ensure no unrelated changes are included.
• Ensure CI checks pass.
• Check Storybook where applicable.
• Ensure there is a QA Brief.
• Ensure there are no unexpected significant changes to file sizes.

Merge Reviewer Checklist

• Ensure the PR has the correct target branch.
• Double-check that the PR is okay to be merged.
• Ensure the corresponding issue has a ZenHub release assigned.
• Add a changelog message to the issue.

[aaemnnosttv]

This PR should probably be rebased on the current develop as it's out of date with the current version of Node, deps, etc.

[aaemnnosttv]

Strange that this flags the inner comment as if it's a doc block for the function